经济学人 | 生育率暴跌,怎么办(上)

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读雪人的时候,看到一个关于“延迟退休”的表达:keep older workers at the grindstone for longer

Grindstone就是用来抛光金属制品的磨石,keep one’s nose to the grindstone ,就是让人像磨刀石上的刀一样,不停工作。

这令人窒息的画面感……

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为什么会造成这样的局面呢?其中一个直接因素就是生育率暴跌

本周一,经济学人商论更新了一篇关于生育率问题的文章,文章稍微有点长。我们分上中下三个部分讲解。此为上篇。

选段及译文来自《经济学人商论》,笔记由译群人团队原创,非商业用途。

先看标题。

The baby-bust economy 婴儿荒经济

我们知道baby boom婴儿潮,boom的反义词bust. Boom and bust在经济类的文章里经常看到,表示经济周期中的繁荣和萧条。Boom表示经济繁荣的时期,经济增长和就业率高,而"Bust"表示经济萧条的时期,经济增长缓慢或停滞,这通常会导致失业率的上升。这种周期性的经济波动通常与商业周期或金融市场周期有关。

标题下有一个问句作为导语:

What might change the world’s dire demographic trajectory?如何能改变严峻的世界人口轨迹?

Dire=very serious

赤贫living in dire poverty

严重警告╱威胁dire warnings/threats

严重后果 dire consequences

急需帮助 in dire need of help

极度困境,岌岌可危in dire straits,注意此时straits必须用复数,表示困境,特别是由经济拮据引起的困境。

trajectory表示物体运动的轨迹或者事情发展的轨迹,也就是trend。

走下坡路on a downward trajectory

反过来,事业蒸蒸日上,如日中天呢? on a relentlessly upward career trajectory.

那么,the world’s dire demographic trajectory要表达的意思就是:the demographic trend is towards an older population人口结构的变化呈现老龄化趋势。要赶紧想想办法了。

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我们来看第一段:
IN THE ROUGHLY 250 years since the Industrial Revolution the world’s population, like its wealth, has exploded. Before the end of this century, however, the number of people on the planet could shrink for the first time since the Black Death. The root cause is not a surge in deaths, but a slump in births. Across much of the world the fertility rate, the average number of births per woman, is collapsing. Although the trend may be familiar, its extent and its consequences are not. Even as artificial intelligence (AI) leads to surging optimism in some quarters, the baby bust hangs over the future of the world economy.

自工业革命以来的大约250年里,世界人口和财富一样呈现爆炸式增长。然而,在本世纪结束前,地球上的人口数量可能会出现自黑死病以来首次减少。根本原因并非死亡人数激增,而是出生人数锐减。世界大部分地区的生育率(每名妇女平均生育的子女数量)正在急剧下降。人们对这种趋势或许并不陌生,但对其程度和后果却所知甚少。在人工智能(AI)激发一些领域乐观情绪高涨之时,婴儿荒的威胁笼罩在世界经济的未来之上。

这段话中出现了多个表示“上升”、“下降”的词:

上升、激增:explode, surge (v. & n.)

下降、暴跌:shrink, slump, collapse, bust

重点关注一下最后一句话的quarter: [C] a person or group of people, especially as a source of help, information or a reaction (尤指能提供帮助、信息或作出反应的)个人,群体在这个句子中,quarter指的是某个特定的领域、行业或社会群体。

in some quarters可以翻译为“在某些领域/行业/社会群体中”。来两个词典上的例句:

Support for the plan came from an unexpected quarter. 支持这一计划的是没料想到的一方。

The news was greeted with dismay in some quarters . 有一部分人对这条消息感到泄气。

通过最后一句话提炼一个写作翻译句式:

Even as A leads to …(something good), B hangs over the future of …尽管有利好A,但B这件事情还是会对未来造成不良影响。现学现用,走:

  • 写气候问题:

Even as renewable energy leads to a cleaner environment, climate change hangs over the future of our planet.尽管可再生能源促进了环境清洁,但气候变化依然威胁着地球的未来。

  • 写科技与就业市场相关话题:

Even as technological advancements lead to a better quality of life, job automation hangs over the future of employment.尽管得益于科技进步,人们的生活质量有所提高,但职业自动化依然会对就业市场产生影响。

  • 写人口老龄化问题:

Even as medical breakthroughs lead to longer life expectancy, a rapidly aging population hangs over the future of healthcare systems.尽管医学领域的突破延长了预期寿命,但快速老龄化的人口依然威胁着医疗保健系统。

  • 写全球化和收入不平等:

Even as globalization leads to greater economic growth, income inequality hangs over the future of global development.尽管全球化促进了经济增长,收入不平等这一问题依然威胁着全球发展的未来。

现在看第二段:

In 2000 the world’s fertility rate was 2.7 births per woman, comfortably above the “replacement rate” of 2.1, at which a population is stable. Today it is 2.3 and falling. The largest 15 countries by GDP all have a fertility rate below the replacement rate. That includes America and much of the rich world, but also China and India, neither of which is rich but which together account for more than a third of the global population.

2000年,全球生育率为每名妇女生育2.7个孩子,稳稳高于保持人口稳定所需的“更替率”2.1个。如今生育率是2.3,而且还在下降。GDP最高的15个国家的生育率都低于人口更替率。这包括美国和大部分发达国家,但也包括中国和印度——这两个国家都不是富裕国家,但加起来占了全球人口的三分之一以上。

“生育率”要怎么表达?

上一段用了fertility rate,紧接着后面跟了一个同位语具体解释:the average number of births per woman每名妇女平均生育的子女数量。

一说到“生育率”,我们就会提到一个“更替率”replacement rate

更替率一般指的是,在一定时期内,新生产要素替代老生产要素的速度或比例。通常用于衡量人口更替、劳动力更替或资本设备更替的速度。如果人口出生率低于人口更替率,那么人口就会逐渐减少,而如果人口出生率高于这个值,人口就会逐渐增长。在这个句子中,作者指出2000年的全球人口出生率为2.7,高于2.1的replacement rate,因此世界人口仍然在增长。

在说出生率高于更替率的时候,作者用了一个副词comfortably,表示with no problem 没问题;容易地,可以理解为easily,来两个例句:

He can comfortably afford the extra expense. 他支付这些额外的费用毫无问题。

They are comfortably ahead in the opinion polls. 他们在民意测验中遥遥领先。

Comfortably above可以理解为远高于。

我们再来看这段话最后一句的语法结构:That includes America and much of the rich world, but also China and India, neither of which is rich but which together account for more than a third of the global population.

重点关注最后which定语从句,neither of which 和 which together account for,这两个which的先行词都是China and India。但由于这个非限制性定语从句涵盖的内容比较多,因此在翻译的时候单独用一句话来表述。

这种分译法常见于非限制性定语从句,因为这种定语从句往往起到补充说明的作用,其意义独立性比较强,实际上相当于与主句并列的分句,且该类从句往往长而复杂。

值得注意的是,对于从句过长且限制性比较弱的限制性定语从句,译者也可以采用分译法将其译为并列句。在将定语从句分译为并列句或几个独立句的时候,有些句子需要重复先行词,而有些从句则可以省略先行词。比如:

He is decisive, which is an essential factor to achieve success.他为人果断,这是获得成功的关键要素。

在这句话中,which 所引导的定语从句是对He is decisive这个句子的补充说明,因此在翻译成并列句的时候,我们便要灵活地处理先行词,将其译为代词“这”。

现在拆解第三段:

The result is that in much of the world the patter of tiny feet is being drowned out by the clatter of walking sticks. The prime examples of ageing countries are no longer just Japan and Italy but also include Brazil, Mexico and Thailand. By 2030 more than half the inhabitants of East and South-East Asia will be over 40. As the old die and are not fully replaced, populations are likely to shrink. Outside Africa, the world’s population is forecast to peak in the 2050s and end the century smaller than it is today. Even in Africa, the fertility rate is falling fast.

结果就是,在世界大部分地方,新生儿越来越少而老人越来越多。老龄化国家的典型例子不再只有日本和意大利,现在还包括巴西、墨西哥和泰国。到2030年,东亚和东南亚一半以上的人口将超过40岁。随着老年人过世而没有被充分更替,人口很可能将减少。除非洲外,世界人口预计将在2050年代达到峰值,到本世纪末时将比现在还少。即使在非洲,生育率也在快速下降。

如何表达“人口老龄化”?如何表达“人口出生率一直低于更替率”

本段第一句给了一个很形象的示例:the patter of tiny feet is being drowned out by the clatter of walking sticks

先说drown out: [VN] ~ sb/sth (out)( of a sound 声音 ) to be louder than other sounds so that you cannot hear them 压过;盖没;淹没

She turned up the radio to drown out the noise from next door. 她开大了收音机的音量以压过隔壁房间的吵闹声。

再看刚才这个句子。这是一个比喻句:the patter of tiny feet是指孩子的脚步声,也可以解释为指年轻人的出生。the clatter of walking sticks是指老年人的拐杖声,也可以解释为指老年人口增加。因此,这个比喻意味着老年人口的比例正在增加,而年轻人口的比例正在减少。
这其实也可以看作是借代的修辞手法,常见的几种借代情况如下:

  • 以抽象代详细,如heart and head代情感与理智;

  • 以特殊自己、地点、事物等姓名代一类人或某机构:Downing Street代英国政府,Beijing代中国政府,He is another Shylock,Shylock代和其性格(吝啬)同样的人;

  • 以容器或工具代相邻的事物,如Thekettle is boiling.kettle(水壶)在此指代水,实在是水烧开而不是水壶烧开;

这种修辞手法可以注意一下,今后的中译英、英译中都可以试着借鉴,比如:

他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。His purse would not allow him that luxury.

母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.

他在1848年继承了王位。He succeeded to the crown in 1848.

老年人也可以是gray hairs,比如:Young people should have more respect for gray hairs.

Outside Africa, the world’s population is forecast to peak in the 2050s and end the century smaller than it is today. 这句话中,end the century, end及物动词,字面上看“结束本世纪”,也就是到本世纪末这个意思。Smaller 形容词做状语,修饰句子主语the world’s population的状态,到本世纪末,世界人口会怎样呢?Smaller than it is today比现在还低,it还是指代世界人口。

来到今天这篇拆解的最后一段:

Whatever some environmentalists say, a shrinking population creates problems. The world is not close to full and the economic difficulties resulting from fewer young people are many. The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. Retired folk draw on the output of the working-aged, either through the state, which levies taxes on workers to pay public pensions, or by cashing in savings to buy goods and services or because relatives provide care unpaid. But whereas the rich world currently has around three people between 20 and 64 years old for everyone over 65, by 2050 it will have less than two. The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises.

不管一些环保人士怎么说,人口减少会带来各种问题。世界人口远未饱和,而年轻人减少会造成诸多经济困难。一个显而易见的问题是越来越难以赡养世界上的退休老人。退休人口依赖劳动年龄人口的产出,无论是由政府向劳动人口征税来支付公共养老金,还是提取储蓄来购买商品和服务,抑或是依靠亲属提供无偿照护。但是,目前在富裕国家每个65岁以上老人对应大约三个20至64岁的人,而到2050年将对应不到两个。其影响是税收提高、退休年龄推迟、储蓄实际回报降低,可能还会发生政府预算危机。

阅读英文篇章,有一个很重要的方面就是要弄清楚指代。比如这句话:The obvious one is that it is getting harder to support the world’s pensioners. 这里的one指代的是上一句的economic difficulty.

关于指代,《中式英语之鉴》里有专门的一章(Pronouns那一章)来阐述。一般来说,遇到名词指代,就到前文里找与这个名词或代词最近且单复数形式一致的那个名词,注意最后要检查一下逻辑是否吻合,不要张冠李戴。


从翻译技巧上说,名词指代就是用人称代词(we, I, you, he, she, they, it…)、不定代词(one, all, some)、指示代词(that, this, these, those)、关系代词(who, which, whose)等去指代前面所述的事物名词。翻译成中文的时候,一般要将具体指代的事物名词重复出来。比如:

When our washing machine broke, our neighbours let us use theirs. 我们的洗衣机坏了的时候,邻居就让我们用他们的洗衣机。

Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English to French.英译汉不如英译法容易。

而不是一直用“它”去指代。

再讲下最后一句话:The implications are higher taxes, later retirements, lower real returns for savers and, possibly, government budget crises.

这句结构不难,主系表结构,几个名词并列。值得一提的是,后面几个形容词比较级的译法。不要处理成“更高的税收、更晚的退休时间、更低的储蓄实际回报”,可以把比较级处理成动词:税收提高、退休年龄推迟、储蓄实际回报降低。

英文的形容词比较级和中文动词,其实意思上都有一个变化趋势在里面,所以很多时候可以互相转换。比如:

加大治污力度get tougher on environmental pollutiontwo-thirds of industries have become more concentrated,

行业趋向集中化发展made firms bigger and more resilient 扩大了公司规模,增强了公司的耐挫力

汉译英经常出现 “性感化”(时代感、国际化等),这些抽象化、宏观化的概念在翻译的时候可以具体处理,变化词性,处理成动词、形容词或形容词比较级。
又比如One source of improvement lies in the more efficient use of crops to feed animals.提高家畜饲料作物的利用效率可以改善这一情况。

本专题未完待续。

经济学人 | 生育率暴跌,怎么办(上)插图2

公众号:自由翻译日记

原文链接:https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv24307141/

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